Tuesday, 3 September 2013

Value Chain Analysis of LG

Value chain is a powerful approach which was developed by Michael Porter under which we analyze all activities which are being performed in a firm and then base of these activities determines that total value which is being created for a customer.

Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales, Service and Technological Development prove to be the core competence for LG Electronics.
Technological Development - LG has been extremely successful in the technical designs of their products. LG phones are generally perceived by the customers as mobile phones that have innovative designs and consist of latest technology. This can be proved by the fact that company has won awards such as the ‘red dot’ design award. The major strength of LG products in the technological development is its latest innovations. This is the case for its pioneering touch-sensitive displays in the company’s sound grounding in 3G technology and the overall simplicity and intuitive technology that come with any LG device.
Marketing and Sales, Service – LG has exclusive showrooms and services centers by the name of ‘LG Shoppe’ with branches in almost all the shopping centers across our country. LG has always laid prime emphasis on Customer satisfaction in the development of an effective design innovation strategy. LG’s industrial designs incorporate a balance between concept creation and lifestyle creation, so that, the needs, desire and dream of the customers feature prominently in the overall value innovation process.
Outbound LogisticsFor cutting down the cost of the Outbound Logistics, LG has selected software named JDA from JDA amalgamated which is controlling all their Logistic operation by estimating Demand, panning the distribution and transportation. By using this technology, the company has been able to reduce its overall cost of Outbound Logistics by 8 percent. Over the time the company has also established a good dealer network and also have modernized its packaging by packing as compact as possible which appeals good to customer and is also cost effective. The company also have strong transportation network which includes more than 7500 trucks.
Except for the above three, which are the core competencies of LG, some of the other activities are:-
Inbound Logistics – LG has worked a lot in increasing the efficiency of its supply chain management. The activities which come under inbound logistics are material handling, warehousing and inventory control. LG has over the time made all of this operation technologically advanced to improve their inbound logistics. Like for example for the inventory control they are using a system known as Global Digital Logistics System (GDLS) which maintains the complete records of their inventory and takes care of the product lifecycle.
Operations – The operation includes all those activities which are responsible for converting the inbound raw material to the finished output. LG has been trying to increase is operation efficiency by reducing the wastage and increasing the efficiency in their current production. Their major operation advantage is that they have their production units in India itself and what makes LG different from its other competitors is its full commitment to add value to people in the most efficient way by regularly upgrading is operations.

Human Resources – The human resources are the biggest asset for any organization and LG very well understands this fact and hence they have effectively built their HR strategies. They have laid emphasis on making their work place safe and healthy for their employees. Company is also using 360 degree Performance Management system for evaluating the performance of the employees. The company is also giving various employees reward and other benefits to motivate the work force. All this have lead to reduction of the iteration rate of LG from 19 percent to just 6 percent.

LG's Competitive Advantage

COMPANY
AREA OF OPERATION
NET SALES IN 2011-12 (IN CRORES)
NET SALES GROWTH RATE (5 YEARS)
Samsung
Construction, Electronics, Financial Services, Shipbuilding and medical services
20,000
40
LG
Electronics, Financial Services, Accessories
16,000
35-40
Sony
Electronics, Games, Entertainment and Financial Services sectors
6,300
35-40
Panasonic
Electronics, Financial Services, Accessories
5,500
25
Whirlpool
Electronics, Automobiles, Power etc
2,704
21



               
1.     SAMSUNG
It is South Korea based consumer electronics major headquartered at Seoul. Company is a market leader and has a very strong image in all of its product line especially for Mobile phones. Company had a revenue of around Rs 20,000 crore during 2011.
STRENGTHS:-
  • Very large investment on innovation as compared to others over the years.
  • It offer customized products to customers based on their demands.
  • Strong R&D team.
  • Company has a large customer base.
  • Strong infrastructure and financially sound.
WEAKNESSES
  • Their products are not very user friendly.
  • Facing strong competition from other players.
  • Ignoring their core competence.
  •  
2.     SONY
Sony is a Japanese multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Its has a very diversified business primarily focused on electronics, games, entertainment and also financial services sectors. Company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. The company had revenue of about Rs. 6,300 crore in 2011-12.
STRENGTHS
  • Strong brand image.
  • Company is very technologically sound and always tries to improve it.
  • Company posse’s vast product line.
WEAKNESSES
  • Company is losing their market share to Samsung & LG in last few years.
  • Not concentrating on their core competencies which are Gaming etc.
  • Indirect competition from cell phones, game pads etc.

3.     PANASONIC
It is world renowned Japanese electronics and home appliances company headquartered at Osaka, Japan. Their main areas of operation are electronics, financial services and also providing parts and accessories. In 2011 company had revenues of around Rs 5,500 crore.
STRENGTHS
  • Company has very diversified business operations
  • The company is strong financials over the years.
  • Strong distribution network.
WEAKNESSES
  • Per employee productivity is very low.
  • Unsatisfied employees due to insufficient post retirement benefits
  • Economic crisis resulted in adversely affecting the company.

4. WHIRLPOOL
It is an American manufacturer and marketer of home appliances. It is headquartered at Michigan, United States. Company’s main areas of operation are electronics, automobiles, power etc.
STRENGTHS
  • Good after sales service.
  • Low prices as compared to its peers.
WEAKNESSES

  • Weak distribution network.
  • There are many well established players in the same segment.

Porter’s five forces for electronics industry in India

1. Potential Entrants (Entry Threat):-
The potential new entrant in the electronics market is Low due to following reasons.
  • Huge capital requirement for a firm to enter in this segment.
  • Rapidly evolving technology is another entry barrier as for a new entrant; it is very difficult to build technology advanced products right from the start as they will need time to understand the actual evolutions in this field.
  • Major firms like LG, Samsung, and Sony etc have efficiently built their supply chain and hence it will be very difficult for a new entrant to compete with them on price. E.g.  these firms can get displays, panels etc at a very less price due to efficient supply chain.
  • Major players i.e. LG, Samsung, Sony, Videocon etc have already developed their huge brand equity which will be very tough for a new entrant to establish in this market.
  • Brand loyalty to existing firms. Since brand loyalty is moderate in this sector, hence this also imposes entry threat on new entrants.

2. The Bargaining Power of Suppliers:-
According to present market conditions, in electronics sector also the bargaining power of supplier is on Low end because of following reasons.
  • Product differentiation is very low. Since most of the companies are developing similar kinds of products, therefore the power is very less. Like in the TV, each of LG, Samsung, Sony etc have similar product range in LCD, LED, Plasma and Smart TV’s; hence they have less power to bargain.
  • Since there is no or very negligible switching cost, hence this again makes the supplier power to be on lower end.
  • Impacts on inputs on cost:- Since in this sector by changing the inputs i.e. input technology or other raw material, the firms cannot drastically differentiate on prices in order to be competitive, hence this also leads to reduced in supplier power.

3. The Bargaining power of customers (buyers):-
The bargaining power of buyer is High because of following reasons.
  • Use of internet to get all the information: - Buyer has a power to go online and compare the prices and features of various products online. Hence buyers are more informative and educated regarding products and this leads to increase in their power.
  • Mid to High price sensitivity of buyer. Since buyer are generally very price sensitive, so this also leads to increase in buyer power.
  • Feedbacks and suggestions available over internet. With era of internet, there is also increase in buyer power as buyers can now easily read the feedbacks and suggestions regarding the products. So they are more informed and also influence buying decisions of other powers.
  • Buyer switching cost is very less; hence this also leads to increase in buyer power.

4.  Threat of substitute products or services
Threat of substitutes are again from Mid to High.
  • Due to changing technology, there is high threat of substitute products in this industry. E.g. before 2010 consumer used to use CRT televisions. But after the innovation of Plasma, LED and LCD TV’s consumers and shifted to the newer generation products.
  • Buyer have huge propensity to substitute if any firm provide more technologically advanced product.

5. Intensity of competitive rivalry
The competitive rivalry is again very High in this industry due to following reasons.

  • There is continuous innovation in this industry making an intense competitive rivalry. Hence innovation leads to sustainable competitive advantage.
  • Powerful competitive strategy: - If LG is to be evaluated on the competitive strategy then it will be that Samsung is more focussing on product innovations and diversification and they are quickly launching new products in market. Sony is focussing on both quality and technology. Hence every firm has a different strategy and core competencies which make their rivalry even more intensive.

LG PESTLE Analysis

Political Aspects
The political arena has a huge influence upon the regulation of the businesses, and the spending power of the consumers and other businesses.
  • India is politically stable which have a positive impact on their business activities in Asian sub-continent.
  • There is no FDI limit for retail companies operating in India which contributes to extensive competition among the existing companies and expand in different geographic areas.
  • EPCG (export promotional capital goods scheme)-zero duty scheme allows import of capital goods for production, pre production and post production.
  • L.G. electronics also has to comply with the standards set by environmental protection agency.
  • Setting of plants in tax incentive areas like greater Noida and Pune.

Economic Aspects
Marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy in the short and long-terms. Important economic factors are :
  • Inflation in India saw a decrease from 10.5 in 2011 to 7.18 percent in 2012. The decrease in inflation see reducing of cost of raw materials and manufacturing cost which would give  LG Electronics a opportunity of making higher profits.
  • GDP growth (annual %) Rounded 2011: 6% ,
Growth in GDP combined with increasing disposable income of consumers with their changing lifestyles and trends in the industry will see a rise in demand for high-end segment durables, which gives LG an opportunity to expand and invest more in its manufacturing processes.
  • AC industry reversed its declining trend and grew by 20% YoY in Q3FY13.”

Social Aspects
  • Penetration of white goods across all major consumer appliances categories is more than 70 % in urban areas and more than 50% in rural areas
  • Increase in the employable population in the country and more nuclear families, so more potential customers.
  • Number of first-time users and people upgrading to better products is been increasing at a fast rate due to increasing disposable income.
  • Increasing competition among brands leads to decline in prices therefore higher affordability and greater chances of people up-grading.
  • Change in consumer preferences and trends.
  • They leave an impact on customer’s life by making it easy with 6thsense technology as consumers can achieve significant savings in time and power usage.
  • It shows lifestyle of customers.

Technological Aspects
  • With the advent of new technology, more features are being added to the existing products.
  • Increasing technology has helped to enhance its manufacturing and deliver more on quality front.
  • Service Centers have been opened up to provide quality services post-sale and faster addressing of customer problems.

Legal Aspects
  • GST for energy efficient appliance is less than a third of the regular tax for consumer durables.
  • Rules established in 2005 maintain restrictions on most existing joint ventures but allow new ones to negotiate their own terms on a commercial basis.      

Environmental Aspects
  • Severe summers ranges through most part of the year which add up to the increasing demand for Air Conditioners and Refrigerators.
Delay in monsoon also supported overall demand for refrigerators and air conditioners (ACs).

Valuation of Ambuja Cement

In financial parlance, Valuation means how much a company is worth of. Talking about equity investments, one should have an understanding of valuation. Valuation means the intrinsic worth of the company.  There are various methods through which one can measure the intrinsic worth of a company.
They are mentioned below:
Net Asset Value (NAV)
NAV or Book value is one of the most commonly used methods of valuation. As the name suggests, it is the net value of all the assets of the company. If you divide it by the number of outstanding shares, you get the NAV per share.
One way to calculate NAV is to divide the net worth of the company by the total number of outstanding shares. Say, a company’s share capital is Rs. 100 crores (10 crores shares of Rs. 10 each) and its reserves and surplus is another Rs. 100 crores. Net worth of the company would be Rs. 200 crores (equity and reserves) and NAV would be Rs. 20 per share (Rs. 200 crores divided by 10 crores outstanding shares).
NAV can also be calculated by adding all the assets and subtracting all the outside liabilities from them. This will again boil down to net worth only. One can use any of the two methods to find out NAV.
One can compare the NAV with the going market price while taking investment decisions.
Discounted Cash Flows Method (DCF)
DCF is the most widely used technique to value a company. It takes into consideration the cash flows arising to the company and also the time value of money. That’s why, it  is so popular. What actually happens in this is, the cash flows are calculated for a particular period of time (the time period is fixed taking into consideration various factors). These cash flows are discounted to the present at the cost of capital of the company. These discounted cash flows are then divided by the total number of outstanding shares to get the intrinsic worth per share.
For our project we have taken Ambuja Cement for doing valuation. The details are given as follows.
The reinvestment rate for The company as calculated by determining the working capital is found out to be 8.91% and its ROC is calculated to be 20.96% hence its expected growth rate is 1.87%, whereas the industry growth rate is around 12.42% for cement industry. Hence, if we compare ambuja cement growth rate with the industry average, we can say that the company is in low growth phase.
The cement industry in India is experiencing a boom on account of overall growth of the Indian economy. The demand for cement, being a derived demand, depends mainly on the industrial activities, real estate business, construction activities and investment in the infrastructure sector. India is experiencing growth in all these areas and hence the cement market is moving ahead in spite of the world-wide economic recession.
AMBUJA CEMENT has a market share of 10%.
Firm is earning significant return on capital as compared to the cost of capital
Also it has a competitive advantage because of significant economies of scale. It has a management team focussed on growth and efficiency. Thus its safe to assume that 10 * YEARS, it will be difficult for competitors to overcome the economies of scale.














SUMMARY OF INPUTS
LOW GROWTH
STABLE GROWTH
LENGTH
10 yrs
Forever after 10 yrs
BETA
0.86
COST OF EQUITY
25.53%
AFTER TAX COST OF DEBT
72.03%
DEBT RATIO
0.61%
COST OF CAPITAL
25.81%
12.20%
RETURN ON CAPITAL
20.96%
REINVESTMENT RATE
8.91%
EXPECTED GROWTH RATE
1.87%
11.00%
TAX RATE(marginal tax rate considered)
32.45%

From the report of Indian cement industry we came to know that it has CAGR of 12%. Also analysing the past data and upcoming projects we predict that it will grow in future. According to current budget Rs. 3000 crore are allocated for road projects. Also as country is doing development in infrastructure, cement consumption will increase in upcoming time. But market share of AMBUJA CEMENT is 10% which is one of the top three companies in this sector having ACC as its competitor with market share of 13.96%. We placed our company in low growth segment because growth rate of big companies is low. This is because of small players who are providing cement at cheaper rate; hence their market share is increasing. Also people now days are importing cement from Nepal.
According to our analysis company should increase its reinvestment rate, to maintain its position in the market. That is why for the first 10 years we have kept expected growth rate to be low and placed it in slow growth segment but for the upcoming years company is moving to stable growth rate with growth rate of 11% (CAGR= 12%).
Cost of capital for our company is 25.81% which needs to be reduced. According to the data of ACC cement (immediate competitor) the company is maintaining cost of capital to be 12.20%. Hence we are making an assumption that if our company maintains the cost of capital 12.20% growth will increase.
Also we observe that company is reducing the debt year by year. 
The terminal value of the future cash flows is calculated to be Rs. 185216.3378 discounted at present value of Rs. 18643.50954. This means the value of the firm is Rs. 18529.79918. The reinvestment rate is less than 100% for AMBUJA CEMENT. It is 8.91%. So for every Rs. 100 earned by the company, it reinvests Rs. 8.91, hence there is no cash outflow by the firm. Thus the net value of the firm is positive.
(*all the figures are in crores)

Share price as per our calculation = Rs. 163.2871491
Share price as per market = Rs 189. 95
As it is greater than Rs. 163.2871491 hence the share is overpriced, hence it is an overvalued company. But not that much overvalued as growth rate is very low (1.89%). In near future it is expected to come down to be Rs. 163.2871491.

Stock value using dividend growth model
Return rate= 15%
Growth rate = 5.5%
Value of stock using dividend growth rate model = 44.42105263   
If growth rate = 12%
Value of stock = 149.3333333          
As we have taken return rate to be 15% our stock value using dividend growth model is coming out to be 44.42 if growth rate is 5.5% and 149.33 if growth rate is 12%.      
Value of stock using Divided Growth Model = 44.42
Value of stock as per balance sheet (book value) = 52.38